CBT vs EMDR for Trauma

If you’ve gone through trauma, figuring out the right therapy can be a game-changer. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) come up the most when people talk about cutting-edge ways to heal from past pain. These two therapies take very different routes to help you find relief from memories and symptoms that just won’t budge.

Choosing between CBT and EMDR isn’t just about picking whatever your insurance covers or what’s nearby. For folks wrestling with persistent or complex trauma, think lifelong patterns from childhood neglect or deep-seated past injuries, the right type of therapy matters a lot. This article walks you through the key differences, practical details, and research behind each approach so you can make an informed decision on your journey to recovery.

Understanding CBT and EMDR for Trauma Treatment

There’s a reason why CBT and EMDR are the heavy hitters in trauma therapy. Each brings its own philosophy and method for tackling the lingering effects of traumatic experiences. While they aren’t the only options in the mental health toolbox, they’re the two most likely to be recommended by professionals when trauma is at the core of your distress.

CBT focuses on making sense of your thoughts and behaviors in the here and now, guiding you to spot and shift patterns that keep you stuck. It’s about learning skills to challenge negative beliefs and reclaim control in daily life. EMDR, on the other hand, addresses trauma at the source by using techniques like guided eye movements to help your brain reprocess tough memories on a deeper level.

Why does it matter to know the difference? Not every path to healing looks the same, especially if you have a long history of trauma, complex symptoms, or want an approach that fits your personality or culture. This section lays the groundwork for understanding what CBT and EMDR actually are, what makes them tick, and why being precise about your therapy choice could make all the difference in the world for recovery. Up next, you’ll see clear explanations of each therapy before we dive into the nuances of their differences for trauma survivors.

What Is EMDR Therapy and How Does It Work?

EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a mouthful, I know, but it’s become one of the main evidence-based therapies for trauma. In simple terms, EMDR helps people heal from distressing memories by activating the brain’s natural healing processes. The therapist guides you to recall traumatic events while you follow their finger with your eyes, hear alternating tones, or feel gentle taps on your hands. This is called bilateral stimulation, and it’s what makes EMDR stand out from regular talk therapy.

EMDR uses a set protocol with eight structured phases: starting with taking your history and prepping you to feel safe, then moving into identifying target memories, rating your distress, and doing the actual “reprocessing” with guided eye movements or tapping. The goal is to make painful memories feel less overwhelming while helping your mind create healthier beliefs about yourself and the world.

Through these steps, EMDR allows your brain to reprocess how trauma is stored. It chips away at the emotional intensity, negative thoughts, and body sensations linked to the memory, so that what once caused anxiety, shame, or panic gradually loses its grip. Many people find that memories become less vivid or “charged,” allowing for real emotional relief even if the facts of the past don’t change. If you’re considering EMDR therapy, it’s a science-backed approach that feels more experiential and less verbal than most traditional talk therapies.

What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Trauma Treatment?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one of the most well-known “talk therapy” approaches, especially for trauma. It’s all about shining a light on your thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors, then figuring out which ones keep you stuck in the same old stress and struggle. For trauma, trauma-focused CBT therapy zeroes in on the ways negative thought patterns, like “It was my fault” or “I can never be safe,” get triggered and drive anxiety, avoidance, or depression.

In CBT, you’ll learn to catch yourself in these loops. The therapist teaches you practical tools: recognizing cognitive distortions, challenging those unhelpful ideas, and replacing them with more balanced thinking. But it’s not just a mental exercise. You’ll also do behavioral experiments, like slowly facing safe situations you might usually avoid and practicing new coping skills outside of sessions.

CBT is usually very structured, with clear goals and homework to reinforce what you learn. It’s especially good at helping clients make changes in present-day life, even when those changes trace back to old pain. By breaking the cycle of avoidance and reaction that trauma often creates, CBT helps folks feel more agency, less overwhelmed, and more hopeful about their ability to cope.

Why the Difference Between CBT and EMDR Matters for Trauma

Understanding how CBT and EMDR differ is more than a technical detail; it’s a step toward finding the right fit for your unique healing process. Some trauma survivors get more results from cognitive, skills-based therapies, while others need a way to process and move through painful memories without so much talking or analysis.

Choosing a therapy should involve more than simply picking what’s popular, it’s personal. The differences in philosophy, session style, and comfort level with talking or memory work can make all the difference in symptom relief and long-term progress. Knowing what you need increases your odds of genuine recovery, not just relief in the short run.

Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes of CBT vs EMDR

How well do CBT and EMDR really work for trauma? It’s one thing to hear what’s popular or what worked for a peer, but if you want to make an informed decision, it pays to look at actual research. The effectiveness of a therapy goes beyond anecdote, it’s about what the studies show, how lasting the benefits are, and which symptoms tend to improve the most with each approach.

Different people respond to different modalities, and the tools that worked in one situation might not hit the mark in another. This section teases apart what the clinical trials and guidelines say about using CBT versus EMDR, so you can see how experts weigh the pros and cons. The focus here is on hard data, relief of PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms, and on the overall recovery rates, including dropouts and side effects.

If you’re weighing your options because you’ve tried therapy before without long-term results, you’ll want to know not just what usually works but what works for whom, and under what circumstances. Let’s get into the details of how each of these therapies performs for trauma, backed up by statistics and expert recommendations.

What Clinical Research Reveals About Therapy Effectiveness

Clinical research consistently shows that both CBT and EMDR are effective for treating trauma and PTSD. Numerous randomized controlled trials have compared these therapies head-to-head, examining changes in symptom severity from before to after treatment. These studies typically include adults with a range of trauma backgrounds, using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to focus on populations where results can be measured clearly.

Meta-analyses and review articles confirm that both trauma-focused CBT (TF-CBT) and EMDR often result in significant symptom reduction; for example, a 2022 meta-analysis of adolescents found that both approaches significantly reduced trauma symptoms and externalizing behaviors (Hoogsteder et al., 2022). The American Psychological Association lists both therapies as strongly recommended for PTSD. In some studies, EMDR yields faster symptom relief, while CBT is favored for structured, skill-building approaches.

Dropout rates and completion statistics are generally similar across both modalities, though some individuals with high dissociation or avoidance may find EMDR’s memory-focused approach challenging. Ultimately, research points to both therapies offering robust benefits, but careful attention to individual differences and clinical presentation is critical for tailoring therapy to the person, not just the diagnosis.

Comparing Treatment Outcomes and Symptom Reduction

When it comes to measurable outcomes, both CBT and EMDR are associated with marked reductions in PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms; for example, a 2014 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published in PLoS ONE found that EMDR significantly reduced PTSD symptoms, as well as associated anxiety and depressive symptoms (Chen et al., 2014). A meta-analytic study show that most clients experience clinically significant improvements with either therapy, though the speed and longevity of results can vary.

Some studies suggest EMDR leads to quicker symptom improvement and may be especially effective for distress directly tied to specific traumatic memories. CBT, meanwhile, has a strong track record for long-term maintenance of progress, thanks to its focus on teaching practical coping strategies and relapse prevention skills.

The difference in relapse rates isn’t dramatic, but some reviewers have found slightly better sustained gains over time in clients who actively use the skills learned in CBT after formal sessions end. Ultimately, both therapies hold up against “treatment as usual,” and the deciding factor for best outcomes often comes down to the fit between the client’s needs and the therapy’s approach.

Therapy Process and Session Structure

Knowing what actually happens in a therapy session, how it’s structured, what you’ll be expected to do, and the flow from start to finish, can help ease a lot of nerves about starting treatment. CBT and EMDR session formats look and feel different, even though both have research backing for trauma.

CBT sessions typically run on clear agendas, homework assignments, and collaborative planning between you and your therapist. Each step is mapped out, which works well for folks who like structure and knowing what’s coming next. EMDR operates differently: sessions may involve less back-and-forth talking, with stretches of focused memory processing and sensory techniques under the therapist’s guidance.

If you’re deciding between the two, understanding the pace, safety measures, and balance between discussion and experiential work can guide your expectations. Up next, you’ll see the nuts and bolts of how a typical CBT session runs versus what happens during EMDR sessions, helping you make a choice that fits your comfort and needs.

CBT Session Structure and Treatment Approach

CBT therapy sessions for trauma are highly organized and goal-oriented. Most sessions begin with a quick review of your agenda, what topics, issues, or symptoms need attention that day. You and your therapist set priorities together, so it’s a team effort from start to finish.

Psychoeducation, learning about trauma’s effects on mind and body, and discussion of recent events or triggers come next. This often segues into cognitive work: identifying unhelpful thoughts, or “cognitive distortions,” that show up when trauma symptoms are triggered. You’ll practice challenging these negative beliefs in the session, using real-life examples.

The behavioral part of CBT comes in as you create experiments or exposure tasks. This might involve gradually confronting safe, avoided situations, trying out new ways of responding, or practicing relaxation skills. Most sessions wrap up by reviewing the homework you’ve done since the last visit and setting small tasks for next time. The approach is interactive, hands-on, and aimed at real change in your day-to-day routine.

EMDR Session Process and Key Techniques

EMDR sessions follow a structured, eight-phase protocol designed to ensure safety, readiness, and effective trauma processing. It starts with history-taking and preparation, where the therapist makes sure you have tools to manage stress and feel safe during the more intense parts of treatment.

The assessment phase zeroes in on specific memories, negative beliefs, and the emotions or physical sensations tied to them. The actual reprocessing begins with guided bilateral stimulation, most commonly, tracking the therapist’s finger with your eyes, listening to alternating sounds, or feeling gentle tapping on your hands or knees. This stage is unique to EMDR, aimed at unlocking and integrating “stuck” memories in the brain.

Sessions tend to focus more on the internal experience than on talking through details for long stretches. After the memory loses its “charge,” new positive beliefs are “installed,” and a body scan is used to identify and clear lingering tension. Sessions conclude with closure, making sure you leave the room feeling steady, and then reevaluation in the next session to see what’s shifted. It’s deliberate, paced, and built with client safety at the forefront.

Choosing Between CBT and EMDR for Trauma

Deciding on the right therapy for trauma healing is personal, and more involved than simply going with what’s popular. Your unique experiences, symptom patterns, and comfort levels play a huge role in what will actually help you move forward. People who’ve lived through complex trauma, dissociation, or longstanding distress may have different needs than those whose trauma was a one-time event.

Therapy isn’t just about the technique; it’s about your connection to the process, what fits your personality and learning style, and what can realistically work with your schedule and resources. Session availability, cost, and access also come into play, as does your history with previous attempts at healing.

Ultimately, this section exists to empower you with the info needed to make an informed, clear-eyed decision. Detailed next are the key considerations that can tip the scale toward CBT, EMDR, or sometimes a blend of both for trauma treatment.

Factors That Influence Therapy Selection

• Type and History of Trauma: Single-event traumas may respond well to both therapies, but chronic or early-life trauma may require a more tailored approach. EMDR can be especially useful for vivid trauma memories, while CBT may fit those with high avoidance or generalized anxiety.
• Comfort with Verbal Processing: CBT involves a lot of talking, analyzing, and breaking down thoughts. If you prefer less talking or find it hard to voice traumatic experiences, EMDR’s experiential focus can feel less daunting.
• Previous Therapy Experiences: If you’ve tried one approach with limited results, the other may offer something different. Some people thrive with the structure of CBT after “hitting a wall” with more open-ended approaches, or vice versa.
• Treatment Accessibility: Consider the number of local providers trained in each approach, whether telehealth is an option such as online EMDR therapy, and how often you can realistically attend. EMDR requires in-person or video sessions with certified clinicians, while CBT can sometimes be adapted more flexibly.
• Personal Agency in Choice: Above all, your sense of control and comfort with the therapy process matters. You’re allowed to interview therapists or try initial sessions before settling on a modality.

Special Populations and Complex Trauma Considerations

• Children and Adolescents: Standard EMDR and CBT protocols may need tweaking for younger clients. Trauma-focused CBT is adapted for youth to use more visuals and activities, while EMDR is often shortened and simplified, always with parent involvement in the loop.
• Dissociative Symptoms: Individuals experiencing dissociation or fragmented memory benefit from extra stabilization before trauma processing. CBT emphasizes grounding skills before tackling tough material; EMDR therapists may use extended preparation phases, or delay memory reprocessing until the client is ready.
• Multiple or Complex Traumas: Both therapies can work, but complex trauma often requires a slower pace, more focus on present-day safety, and a longer therapy timeline. Trauma-informed therapists can mix skill-building from CBT with EMDR’s memory work for the best results.
• Developmental and Cultural Needs: Therapists need to align treatment goals and language with each person’s background and stage of life. This includes being sensitive to cultural expressions of distress, diverse family roles, or community supports that matter for recovery.

Combining and Comparing Therapeutic Approaches

The world of trauma therapy is evolving, and you’re no longer forced to pick one lane or the other. Modern approaches recognize that each person’s trauma story is complex and that sometimes, the best results come from a blend of therapies. Comparing CBT and EMDR isn’t just about contrasts, it’s also about understanding where they can work in tandem for more lasting healing.

This section considers not just the big-picture differences, how each approach views trauma and what the therapist does in session, but also situations where combining or sequencing the two makes sense. Integrative therapy models are gaining ground for individuals who have not gotten the full relief they need from one method alone.

For those curious about how therapies can be adapted or layered, this section sets the stage for a practical discussion of what’s possible, who may benefit, and what clinical wisdom tells us about combining these powerful tools.

Key Differences in Treatment Approaches and Philosophy

• Targets of Change: CBT aims to change thoughts and behaviors directly by examining and adjusting cognition and habits. EMDR targets the way traumatic memories are stored and processed in the brain through sensory procedures.
• Session Experience: Sessions in CBT involve more talking, worksheets, and exercises that focus on reflection and homework. EMDR is less talk, more about guided focus and sensory work during active memory recall.
• Therapist Role: CBT therapists act like coaches or teachers, guiding you step-by-step with feedback and planning. EMDR therapists work more as facilitators, keeping you safe while letting your brain do its work in processing memories.
• Insight vs. Experience: CBT leans heavily on insight and building skills, helping clients understand “why” they react a certain way. EMDR is experiential, about reprocessing at a mind-body level instead of intellectualizing trauma.

When Combining CBT and EMDR May Be Beneficial

• Sequential Models for Complex Trauma: Some clients start with CBT to build coping skills, manage daily distress, and stabilize mood. Once skills are in place, EMDR follows to target deeply rooted memories, especially when direct memory processing might overwhelm at the start.
• Skill-Building for Memory Work: Therapists may integrate CBT techniques, like grounding, relaxation, and cognitive restructuring, within EMDR’s preparation and closure phases. This ensures safety and enhances the effectiveness of each session.
• Addressing Treatment Resistance: When progress plateaus with one approach, switching or integrating methods can jumpstart healing. Clients who “hit a wall” with pure talk therapy often find EMDR helpful, and vice versa.
• Blending for Long-Term Maintenance: Use CBT tools to reinforce insights and behavioral changes gained from EMDR sessions. Skills from both therapies support relapse prevention, especially in chronic or relapsing symptoms.
• Emerging Evidence for Hybrid Models: Recent research shows promising results for hybrid approaches, but best practices call for therapists with extensive training in both modalities to ensure safe and effective integration.

Cultural and Contextual Factors in CBT vs EMDR for Trauma

The way trauma is processed and healed is deeply influenced by cultural background, community values, and life experience. It’s not one-size-fits-all, especially when you consider language, beliefs, and economic access. Ignoring these elements can make an otherwise effective therapy less helpful, or even create new barriers to recovery.

This section takes a look at how cultural adaptability and socioeconomic realities shape the choice between CBT and EMDR. Understanding these context factors isn’t just a “nice to have”, it’s key to finding treatment that feels safe, honors who you are, and actually reaches the issues you’re trying to address.

How Culturally Adaptable Are CBT and EMDR?

CBT and EMDR can both be adapted for different cultures and worldviews. CBT is widely used across cultures, especially when therapists use language, examples, and values relevant to the client’s background. EMDR has been translated and modified for minority and immigrant groups, with interventions that honor diverse ways of expressing and understanding trauma. Cultural fit matters because therapy that feels foreign or invalidating can create resistance or disengagement, making true healing harder to reach.

Socioeconomic Barriers to Accessing CBT and EMDR

Cost, geography, and therapist supply all impact access to trauma care. EMDR requires specialized training and is less widespread in some rural or low-income communities, while CBT is more commonly available but may still carry high out-of-pocket costs. State licensure rules shape who can provide therapy virtually. Washington State residents can check with local non-profits, telehealth providers, or sliding-scale clinics to find affordable care. Proactive outreach and advocacy are sometimes needed to get past waitlists and limited options.

Client Preferences and Therapist Factors in CBT vs EMDR Outcomes

Therapy isn’t just about the method, it’s also about you, the client, and the skills of the professional guiding the process. Expectations, beliefs about healing, and your connection with the therapist (the “therapeutic alliance”) play a surprisingly large role in how effective any treatment will be.

Up next, we’ll talk about how your own comfort level, openness, and readiness shape your outcomes, as well as why therapist training and experience can make or break the recovery process. These often-overlooked factors may tip the balance between progress and frustration in trauma treatment.

How Client Expectations Shape Therapy Outcomes

Your outlook on therapy matters just as much as the approach itself. People who are comfortable with self-disclosure and prefer insight-driven conversation may do well with CBT, while those drawn to less verbal or more body-based work might thrive in EMDR. Readiness to explore past memories, as well as beliefs about what it takes to heal, influence engagement and results. Finding a therapeutic match, where your values and the therapist’s style align, can make all the difference in sticking with treatment and experiencing relief.

The Importance of Therapist Training Quality and Experience

It’s not enough to just find a therapist with the right letters after their name. Look for providers with specific certifications, EMDRIA for EMDR, or recognized CBT training, plus ample trauma experience and regular supervision. Treatment fidelity matters: even the best therapy protocol won’t work well if the therapist doesn’t deliver it as designed. Don’t be afraid to ask questions during your search, and seek trauma-informed professionals who have a track record of helping people with histories similar to yours.

Integration and Combination Approaches: Blending CBT and EMDR for Trauma

Many trauma survivors, especially those with layers of complex or old wounds, end up needing more than just one “type” of therapy. Some advanced integrative approaches start with stabilization or skills from CBT and later move to targeted EMDR memory work, or weave the two together as symptoms change.

Knowing when, and how, to blend or sequence these therapies can maximize benefits and reduce the risk of overwhelm or relapse. The key is a thoughtful, evidence-based plan made by therapists who are cross-trained and know how to pace and support each phase.

In the next sections, you’ll get a closer look at clinical decision-making around sequencing (which therapy first and why) and at practical strategies for blending the best techniques from both methods for individualized trauma care.

Sequencing CBT and EMDR in Complex Trauma Cases

• Stabilization First (CBT then EMDR): CBT skills for grounding, emotion regulation, and safety help prepare clients for deeper memory work later in EMDR.
• Direct Memory Work First (EMDR then CBT): Some clients may benefit from starting with EMDR if memories are very “hot,” followed by CBT for ongoing relapse prevention or building new habits.
• Alternating Phases: Clients with severe symptoms may move back and forth between the two as new issues come up or as life situations change.

When and How to Combine CBT Techniques With EMDR Protocols

• Cognitive Restructuring in EMDR: Therapists may add brief cognitive work during EMDR sessions to help “install” healthier beliefs and address persistent negative thinking as memories are reprocessed.
• CBT Skills Between EMDR Sessions: Clients can use CBT tools, like self-monitoring, relaxation exercises, or assertiveness practice, to manage symptoms between EMDR reprocessing phases.
• Integrated Care for Relapse Prevention: Combining strategies lets clients use “the best of both worlds,” personalizing care and reducing chances of getting stuck if progress stalls.

Long-Term Relapse Prevention and Maintenance Strategies

Healing from trauma isn’t just about what happens in therapy, it’s also about how you hold onto those gains when formal sessions end. Both CBT and EMDR support long-term recovery, but the strategies to prevent relapse and maintain progress look a little different depending on which path you took.

This section introduces tools and habits you can use after therapy, ways to spot trouble before it snowballs, and how to use booster sessions or ongoing supports when needed. Recovery is an ongoing journey, so thinking ahead about maintenance and support can protect your gains for the long haul.

Up next, we outline specific maintenance steps for those finishing CBT and ways to keep EMDR working for you over time.

Sustaining Results After CBT for Trauma

• Regular Practice of Skills: Continue daily or weekly use of tools learned in therapy, such as journaling thoughts, using relaxation techniques, or challenging negative self-talk.
• Action Plans for Triggers: Have a written or mental plan for coping with reminders of trauma, reviewing it regularly to stay sharp.
• Ongoing Peer or Community Support: Group meetings, support lines, or trusted friends serve as safety nets if symptoms re-emerge.

Integrating EMDR Into Long-Term Trauma Care Plans

• Booster Sessions: Schedule occasional check-ins with your EMDR therapist to refresh coping skills or reprocess new traumatic events when needed.
• Self-Regulation Techniques: Continue using bilateral stimulation methods (like tapping) for self-calming between sessions or when distress spikes.
• Symptom Monitoring: Keep track of mood and anxiety levels, reaching out to your provider promptly if symptoms start to resurface or worsen over time.

Finding the Right Path Forward With EMDR or CBT

Choosing the best trauma therapy isn’t something you have to do on your own. Take time to reflect on your needs, comfort level, and preferences. Seek out trauma-informed therapists who clearly explain their approach and have experience with histories like yours. If you’re in Washington State, explore virtual service options or learn more about EMDR Therapy in redmond, WA through Awakenings Counseling to find trauma-informed support that fits your needs. Support and real recovery are possible, and reaching out is the first step to making that a reality.

Conclusion

Whether you lean toward CBT’s practical skills or EMDR’s mind-body healing, both are proven trauma therapies that can open the door to real change. Picking between them, or blending both, should be based on your specific needs, life story, and comfort with each process. Healing is possible, even after years of pain. Take the time to learn, reflect, and reach for help. Your journey to reclaiming your life from trauma can truly start here. Stay hopeful, stay curious, and don’t hesitate to seek support along the way.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is EMDR or CBT better for childhood trauma?

Both EMDR and CBT have strong evidence for treating childhood trauma in adults. Trauma-focused CBT teaches coping and reframing skills, while EMDR supports processing deeply rooted memories. Suitability depends on your comfort with talk therapy, symptoms, and readiness for memory work. Many clinicians use a combination for complex histories. Consultation with a trauma-informed therapist can help match you with the right approach.

How long does it take to see results from CBT or EMDR?

Some people experience relief within a handful of sessions, while others need months. Standard CBT for trauma often involves 12-20 sessions, and EMDR may require a similar range. Complex trauma can take longer. Progress also depends on session frequency, consistency, and your willingness to practice skills or engage in memory work between visits.

Are there risks or side effects with CBT or EMDR?

Both therapies are considered safe when delivered by trained professionals, but some discomfort or increased symptoms can happen as memories are processed. Proper preparation and support reduce these risks. If you have severe dissociation or mental health crises, it’s important to work closely with your provider or seek specialized care as needed.

Can I do both CBT and EMDR at the same time?

Yes, some therapists integrate the two modalities or offer them sequentially. Starting with CBT skills can prepare clients for EMDR, or EMDR may address traumatic memories followed by CBT relapse prevention strategies. Coordination between approaches should be guided by a professional with advanced training in trauma care.

Is virtual therapy effective for trauma with CBT or EMDR?

Virtual therapy can be effective for both CBT and EMDR, especially when delivered by experienced clinicians. Adjustments may be needed for EMDR’s bilateral stimulation, but many therapists use specialized platforms or guidance for remote sessions. Make sure your provider has experience with telehealth trauma work and discuss safety measures in advance.

References

• American Psychological Association. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline
• Hoogsteder, L. M., Ten Thije, L., Schippers, E. E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2022). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of EMDR and TF-CBT in reducing trauma symptoms and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(6–7), 735–757.
• Chen, Y.-R., Hung, K.-W., Tsai, J.-C., Chu, H., Chung, M.-H., Chen, S.-R., Liao, Y.-M., Ou, K.-L., Chang, Y.-C., & Chou, K.-R. (2014). Efficacy of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103676.
• Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1515–1522.
• Khan, A. M., Dar, S., Ahmed, R., Bachu, R., Adnan, M., & Kotapati, V. P. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cureus, 10(9), e3250.